<p>Charles Montague Cooke Jr. House and Kūkaōō Heiau is a property in Honolulu, Hawaii. The house, also known as Kualii , was built in 1911&ndash;1912 for Charles Montague Cooke Jr., and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The listing&#39;s boundaries were increased in 2000 to include the Kūkaōō Heiau .</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>In 1902, wealthy businessman Charles Montague Cooke (of Castle & Cooke) gave his son Monty (as Charles Montague Cooke Jr. was called) a large tract of land on a high ridge in Mānoa Valley that contained an ancient Hawaiian heiau. That was the year Monty married Lila Lefferts. In 1911, Monty hired two prominent architects, Walter Emory and Marshall Webb, to build a large stone mansion in Tudor style on the hillside above the heiau. The house cost $40,000 and was named for an ancient Hawaiian chief.</p><br>
<p>The basement and ground floor, built of basalt lava rock quarried on site, support two upper floors of half-timber and stucco. At each end of the house is a heavy stone chimney, one rising from the kitchen, the other from the living room. The central entry bay is covered by a porte-cochere with stone columns and a half gabled second floor above it, and flanked by gabled entry bays at each end of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Heiau</h2><br>
<p>The name of the heiau (temple of ancient Hawaii), Kūkaōō, is composed of kū stand + ka the + ōō digging stick, and has several possible translations. According to one source, it means Kū of the digging stick.</p><br>
<p>The square-shaped heiau measures about 12 meters across and stands about 6 meters above the flat, rocky clearing on which it stands. The late Bernice P. Bishop Museum anthropologist Kenneth Emory estimated the heiau to be 1,000 years old. Its gardens used to help sustain the population of the ahupuaa of Waikiki.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the current owners, Samuel Alexander Cooke (born 1937, grandson of Charles Montague Cooke Jr.) and Mary Cooke, purchased the land and commissioned preservationist Nathan Napoka to reconstruct the walls of the old heiau, which had been badly overgrown. Stonemason Billy Fields relied on survey drawings from the 1930s to rebuild the walls, using only rocks found on-site.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Mānoa Heritage Center was established to manage the site and offer educational tours.</p><br>
<p>The Werner Company Building in Akron, Ohio was built in 1895 by Frank Meade; it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1976. The company produced titles such as Encyclopedia Americana, Waldorf Cook Book, Websters Dictionary, Encyclopædia Britannica, White House Cook Book and, Library of the Worlds Best Literature.</p><br>
<p>The building was demolished September 5th, 2020.</p><br>
<p>Kūkaniloko Birth Site, also known as the Kūkaniloko Birthstones State Monument, is one of the most important ancient cultural sites on the island of Oʻahu. In 1973, it was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its boundaries were increased in 1995, The site was the location for some of Hawaiʻi&#39;s royal births, and may have served an astronomical function.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kūkaniloko lies in the Wahiawā Plateau between Oʻahu&#39;s two mountain ranges: the Waiʻanae to leeward, and the Koʻolau to windward. It also lies at the intersection of two major paths of foot travel: the Waialua Trail between the North Shore and ʻEwa Beach, and the Kolekole Trail through the Waiʻanae Range.</p><br>
<p>The site is not only the place from which the history and power of the island was birthed, known as a piko, but its placement across from the Waiʻanae Range may have been used as a calendar. The sun has used by observing its position at Kūkaniloko using certain markers.</p><br>
<p>The present day location is near the intersection of Kamehameha Highway and Whitmore Avenue, just north of Wahiawā, Hawaiʻi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kūkaniloko, meaning "to anchor the cry from within," is the geographic piko of Oʻahu. Kūkaniloko was symbolically the most powerful birth site for the islands high chiefs, among whom Kakuhihewa and Maʻilikūkahi were perhaps most famous. At this site, women gave birth to aliʻi children, surrounded by alii witnesses. At the Kūkaniloko birthstone, children born were required to learn the traditions and leaderships of their ancestors in the sites and surroundings.</p><br>
<p>The Hoʻolonopahu Heiau associated with the site was later destroyed, as were many others in the area, to make room for sugarcane and pineapple fields in the rich soils where sweet potato and yam once grew in abundance. Chiefly families lived along the slopes of the Waiʻanae overlooking the plateau and along the shores of Waialua to the north, and many key battles between rivals for control of Oʻahu were also fought on the central plains surrounding Kūkaniloko.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, a group called the Daughters of Hawaii recognized and protected the Kūkaniloko Birthstones site. In 1960, Kūkaniloko was passed to Hawaiian Civic Club of Wahiawā.</p><br>
<p>In August 2023, the site was threatened by a nearby wildfire.</p><br>
<h2>Births at the site</h2><br>
<p>From as early as 1100 until the mid-1600s, fathers and 35 other chiefs would witness the birth of a chief at Kūkaniloko, which was announced by the playing of sacred drums. These 36 witnesses are symbolized by 36 stones in the complex. The newborn chief would then be taken to a nearby temple for purification, severing of the umbilical cord, and a reading of the newborn&#39;s genealogy.</p><br>
<h2>Astronomical use</h2><br>
<p>The wide view of the skies from Kūkaniloko might also have made it akin to a Hawaiian Stonehenge. In April 2000, a team from the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy recorded designs and shapes on the stones that could have been used to track the movements of celestial objects for calendrical purposes.</p><br>
<p>The S. C. Dobson is a Chesapeake Bay log canoe, built about 1895, by James Lowery at Tilghman, Maryland. She measures 33-1"  and has a beam of 6-6" . She has a longhead bow, a sharp stern, and a narrow, straight-sided hull. With a Tilghman racing rig she races under No. 6. She one of the last 22 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay racing log canoes that carry on a tradition of racing on the Eastern Shore of Maryland that has existed since the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1990s, she has been named the Mary Julia Hall. She is located at Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Maggie Lee is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1903 at Pocomoke City, Maryland. She is a 51 long two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 16, a depth of 3.8&#39;, and a net tonnage of 8 register tons. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Denton, Caroline County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Minnie V is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1906 at Wenona, Maryland, United States. It is a 45.3-foot-long, two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. It has a beam of 15.7 feet and a depth of 3 feet with a net registered tonnage of 8 tons. It is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. It is located at Tilghman, Talbot County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The Minnie V is featured as the working skipjack in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street (third-season episode: "The Last of the Watermen").</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Nellie L. Byrd is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1911 at Oriole, Maryland. She is a 53.6 long two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 26.7, a depth of 4.8&#39;, and a net tonnage of 18 tons. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. When listed, she was located at Tilghman, Talbot County, Maryland. Since 2005, she is located at Middle River, Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985</p><br>
<p>The Ralph T. Webster is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1905 at Oriole, Maryland. She is a 47.7 long two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 15.3 and a depth of 3.5&#39;, with net registered tonnage of 8 tons. She one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Tilghman, Talbot County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Reliance is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1904 at Fishing Creek, Maryland. She is a 41 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. Her beam is 14 ft and her draft is 2 ft. She one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Tilghman, Talbot County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia W is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1904 at Guilford, Virginia. She is a 37.5 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. Her beam is 13.5 ft, and she draws 3.3 ft with centerboard up, 6 ft with centerboard down. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Cambridge, Maryland, Dorchester County.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Elsworth is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1901 at Hudson, Maryland. She is a 39.9 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 14.3, a depth of 3.1, and a gross registered tonnage of 8 tons. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States.</p><br>
<p>She is owned by the Echo Hill Outdoor School and used for educational excursions on the Chester River and Chesapeake Bay. The Echo Hill School acquired the Elsworth in 1988 and rebuilt her starting in 1996. The Elsworth is kept at the public pier in Chestertown, Maryland alongside the Schooner Sultana.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Ruby G. Ford was a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1891 at Fairmount, Maryland. She was a 45 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She had a beam of 15.6 ft, a depth of 2.6 ft, and a net tonnage of 5 register tons. She was one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States.</p><br>
<p>According to a first-hand account by Christopher White in his book Skipjack, pp. 292–296, St. Martin&#39;s Press, published in 2009, the Ruby G. Ford was burned to complete destruction, torched by Captain Bart Murphy, who owned her at the time and did not have funds enough to restore her from a state of grave disrepair.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>A photo can be found on pg. 190-191 in the NGM of Feb. 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Sigsbee is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1901 at Deal Island, Maryland, United States. She is a 47 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 15.8 ft, a depth of 3.8 ft, and a gross registered tonnage of 8 tons. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is owned and operated by the Living Classrooms Foundation in Baltimore, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The F. C. Lewis Jr. is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1907 at Hopkins, Virginia. She is a 39 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 14.6 ft and a register depth of 3 ft; her register tonnage is 6. Likewise, she is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Wenona, Somerset County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Fannie L. Daugherty is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1904 at Crisfield, Maryland. She is a 41.3 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She is built by cross-planked construction methods and has a beam of 8 ft and a depth of 3.6 ft. She one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Wenona, Somerset County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Howard is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1909 at Deep Creek, Virginia. She is a 45 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 15.3 ft, a depth of 3.1 ft, and a net registered tonnage of 8. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Wenona, Somerset County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Ida May is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1906 at Urbanna or Deep Creek, Virginia. She is a 42.2 ft, two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 14.4 ft, a depth of 3.3 ft, and a net register tonnage of 7. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Chance, Somerset County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Early History</h2><br>
<p>Ida May was constructed in 1906, but details of her early years are scarce. In 1929, she was captained by R. W. W. Parks and was based in Wingate, Maryland. By the early 1950s, the boat was brought to Chance, Maryland, by Melvin Beauchamp and Melvin "Fish" Bivens.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership by Elbert Gladden Sr.</h2><br>
<p>Elbert Gladden Sr., also known as "Ebb Tide," acquired Ida May in 1954, although some sources suggest the purchase occurred as late as 1968. Upon acquisition, the boat was reportedly in excellent condition following a significant rebuild. Her first major restoration took place at Krentz Shipyard in Harryhogan, Virginia, around 1955. During this period, she received a new Georgia pine mast from the ram Levin J. Marvil, which had sunk during Hurricane Connie. Gladden also purchased two masts from the ram, one for Ida May and one for Mamie A. Mister, another skipjack he owned.</p><br>
<h2>Gladden’s Fleet and Operations</h2><br>
<p>Elbert Gladden was a prominent figure in the skipjack community, owning a total of twelve skipjacks, as well as a bugeye and other workboats. His fleet operated out of various locations, including Annapolis, Kent Island, Cambridge, and Deal Island, with Ida May primarily associated with Deal Island. Notable captains of Ida May included Orville Parks, Mervin Christy, and Clyde Webster, among others.</p><br>
<h2>Mid-Late 20th Century</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1970s, Gladden considered selling Ida May but ultimately decided to keep her. By 1985, she was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Despite a decline in oyster harvests and declining health, Gladden continued to maintain the vessel until his death in August 1992. The boat was inherited by his sons, Gordon and Elbert Jr.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the Ida May was temporarily removed from Scott&#39;s Cove and underwent repairs in Crisfield and Salisbury. A significant restoration was completed in 1991-92, with the work described as "purely an act of love." However, by 1999, the vessel required further repairs, which extended into 2006. The extensive rebuilds included replacing the bottom, keel, sides, stem, and sampson post. The vessel was again reconstructed in 2011 and 2021.</p><br>
<h3>Recent Years</h3><br>
<p>Ida May has been primarily a family boat, serving educational and display purposes. A documentary titled "The Ida May Project" chronicled her 2011 restoration and has been featured at various museums. The boat has also been a subject of artistic interest and appeared on the cover of the 1992 annual report for the First National Bank of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The skipjack has been notable for its racing achievements. Under the helm of Shawn Ridgley, Ida May won the Deal Island and Cambridge races multiple times from 2017 to 2023. The vessel continues to be a symbol of maritime heritage and a testament to the Gladden family&#39;s dedication.</p><br>
<p>The Sea Gull is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1924 at Crisfield, Maryland. She is a 46.6 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 15.9 ft, a depth of 4.3 ft, and a net register tonnage of 10. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Deal Island, Somerset County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Sea Gull is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1901 at Pocomoke City, Maryland. She is a 46 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 15.9 ft and a depth of 1.6 ft; her gross tonnage is 10 register tons. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at Wenona, Somerset County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Mary W. Somers is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1904 at Mearsville, Virginia. She is a 41.9 ft two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. She is located at St. Marys City, St. Mary&#39;s County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Elisha and Lizzie Morse Jr. House is a house in the Whittier neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was built in 1870 in the Italian Villa style. Its most distinctive feature is the cupola with shallow arches over paired windows. The siding is also a unique design. The planks were made to look like cut stone by cutting incisions at regular intervals, then painting the siding with a mixture of paint and sand. This technique was rarely practiced in Minnesota architecture, and there are few surviving buildings with this treatment.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally located at 2402 4th Avenue South and was built for grocer Elisha Morse, Jr. and his family as a country home. It was moved to its present location in 1991. Its previous location was radically altered around 1966 during the construction of Interstate 35W, so its current location is more like the original neighborhood on 4th Avenue South.</p><br>
<p>Elf is a racing yacht built in 1888 by George Lawley & Son of South Boston, Massachusetts, for William H. Wilkinson. She was designed by George F. Lawley and is the oldest small yacht in the United States. She is located at the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum in St. Michaels, MD.Talbot County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 26, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Bennett–McBride House is a house in the Central neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property to the Healy Block Residential Historic District. This house was listed on the National Register in 1977, before the rest of the block was listed in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Theron P. Healy moved to the city of Minneapolis in 1884 and decided to capitalize on the need for housing in the fast-growing city. Queen Anne style architecture in the United States was rapidly becoming popular after the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. The Bennett-McBride house was built in 1891 for local lumberman H.H. Bennett. While the exterior is similar to most of the Queen Anne houses on the block, the interior has some distinguishing features, particularly in its woodwork. The dining room features quarter-sawn oak, and the lacy fretwork has been well preserved, both on the inside and outside.</p><br>
<p>The house was selected in the Goodwill Industries Designer Showcase Home in 1976, as a local part of the American Bicentennial celebration. In 1977 it was listed on the for local significance in architecture as one of Minneapolis&#39;s leading examples of Queen Anne-style residences. Its recognition spurred research into other homes on the block. City of Minneapolis Designation:</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Rite Cathedral of San Antonio, Texas is located at 308 Avenue E in San Antonio. Construction began on it in 1922 and was completed in 1924, at a cost of $1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>It is a 5.5-story building in the style of a classic revival temple, and serves as a headquarters and meeting place for Scottish Rite Masonry in San Antonio, and for the South Texas Region. The building also frequently serves as an event hall for performing arts and various cultural events.</p><br>
<p>The building features notable architectural elements including: gabled front portico, Corinthian columns, a terracotta frieze, and elaborately sculpted bronze front doors featuring George Washington and Sam Houston which were created by Pompeo Coppini. Coppini was a thirty-second degree member of the San Antonio Consistory. In 1936, sculptor Coppini was one of the honored guests who delivered an address at the November 15 dedication and installation of the doors.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Cranston Street Armory is an historic building in the Broadway–Armory Historic District of Providence, Rhode Island. It was built in 1907 at a cost of $650,000.00. The building was occupied by the Rhode Island National Guard from its opening until 1996. Since then, parts of the building have been used as film studios, and some of its offices occupied by the Rhode Island State Fire Marshal. The National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the Armory as one of "America&#39;s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places" in its annual list for 1997. Its distinctive yellow bricks, crenellated turrets, and decorative stonework mark it as a historically significant building and neighborhood icon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The architects were William R. Walker & Son and the builder was Michael J. Houlihan. The armory was built with a steel-truss frame, a large open central hall and two towers with a total of 165,000 ft&sup2; of space. The main hall alone is as wide as two football fields. After World War I, the armory was used by 243rd Coast Artillery, 103rd Field Artillery Brigade, and in later years by the 43rd and 118th as well.</p><br>
<p>The films Outside Providence (1999) and Underdog (2007) were filmed using the open areas within the Armory for bluescreen work, as well as exterior shots of adjacent areas.</p><br>
<p>The Armory was used for several years by the Rhode Island Interscholastic League to host indoor track and field meets including the Rhode Island state championships and the Brown Invitational track meet.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>In 1981 the main hall was closed to public events due to structural problems. The National Guard however did not have the funds for the extensive repairs and upkeep required by the building&#39;s age.</p><br>
<p>As of 1986 the Cranston Street Armory was home to the following Rhode Island National Guard units:</p><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 103d Field Artillery Brigade</p><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 103rd Field Artillery Regiment</p><br>
<p>Service Battery, 1st Battalion, 103rd Field Artillery Regiment</p><br>
<p>A Battery, 1st Battalion, 103rd Field Artillery Regiment</p><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 43rd Military Police Brigade</p><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 118th Military Police Battalion</p><br>
<p>119th Military Police Company</p><br>
<p>Around 1990 the tenant units were transferred to other armories. The Field Artillery units were moved to the Armory of Mounted Commands in Providence and the Military Police units were moved to the Warwick Armory in Warwick.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 the State of Rhode Island took over the property, and the National Guard moved out the following year. After the state passed tax incentives to encourage filming in Rhode Island the armory served a brief stint as a sound stage. In 2004 a proposed bond issue to finance renovation and restoration of the armory was placed on the ballot and supported by the West Broadway Neighborhood Association, but did not pass. In recent years, the building has hosted car shows, inaugural balls, track meets, home shows and currently houses the office of the state fire marshal, and storage space for other Rhode Island state agencies. Today the building is in desperate need of repair. A small part of the building on the Parade Street side is occupied by the State of Rhode Island Fire Marshal and Bomb Squad, the main hall is used for storage.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 Governor Chafee announced that the state would cut back on a renovation plan, and a state Senator proposed adding $3 million to the state budget for repairs.</p><br>
<p>In January 2015, Providence Mayor Jorge Elorza held his inauguration gala in the building. A few weeks later, it was named as one of 2015&#39;s "Most Endangered Properties" by the Providence Preservation Society, one of many times it has earned that distinction.</p><br>
<h2>Broadway–Armory Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Cranston Street Armory has lent its name to the surrounding area of Providence&#39;s West End, which is often known as the "Broadway–Armory Historic District." Several area businesses also take their name from this building. Most of the buildings in the area were built around 1840 to 1920.</p><br>
<h3>Dexter Training Ground</h3><br>
<p>The Armory stands at the southern end of the Dexter Training Ground, a plot of land which was donated to the City of Providence by Ebenezer Knight Dexter for holding military exercises. The Training Ground was used as an encampment and drill field during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In July 1917, doughboys camped at Dexter Training Ground as they prepared to depart for Europe and World War I.</p><br>
<p>Today the land is a heavily used neighborhood park. The park features a playground, and attracts dog walkers and strollers. A statue of benefactor and namesake Ebenezer Knight Dexter stands in the northern end of the park.</p><br>
<p>In July 2020, mayor Jorge Elorza held an outdoor ceremony in Dexter Training Ground where he signed an executive order to come up with a "truth-telling and reparations process" in Providence.</p><br>
<p>The Ringgold–Carroll House  is a historic residence located at 1801 F St Northwest, Washington, D.C. One of the finest of the few remaining examples of Federal period residential architecture in the neighborhood of the White House, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been adapted from a historic home into a private club and office space by DACOR  and the DACOR-Bacon House Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1825 for Tench Ringgold, who was one of a three-member presidential commission charged with supervising the restoration of public buildings in the capital following the War of 1812 and the burning of Washington by the British. He was also still serving as US marshal in the District of Columbia, having first been appointed under the President James Monroe administration.</p><br>
<p>From 1832 to 1833, the Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall resided as a boarder with Ringgold in the house, along with Associate Justice Joseph Story – both men considered Ringgold a friend.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, the house was sold, and a number of prominent people have since lived in the house, including William Thomas Carroll, Chief Clerk of the Supreme Court, for whom the house is also named; Chief Justice Melville Fuller, Senator Joseph Medill McCormick, and Congressman Robert Low Bacon. Bacons widow, philanthropist and political hostess Virginia Murray Bacon (among the grandest of 20th-century Washingtons society "grandes dames"), established a foundation to ensure the House would continue in perpetuity as an elegant venue for statesmanship and international dialogue. The Diplomatic and Consular Officers Retired merged with the Bacon House Foundation to preserve the House, which now serves as the Washington home of the Foreign Affairs community. The historic property is open to the public on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays from 2:30–4:30 p.m. for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Coley Building was a historic two-story commercial building in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It began as a one-story Federal style masonry structure in 1836. It was the last 19th century building to survive on its city block. The block, situated between the streets of St. Francis, Royal, Water, and St. Michael, was a center for many of Mobile&#39;s brokerage firms prior to the American Civil War. The building was seized by the Confederate government during the war from a suspected Union collaborator. It was enlarged and remodeled in the 1870s, with the addition of a second floor and the application of a Beaux-Arts-influenced cast iron facade.</p><br>
<p>The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 22, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Anna Ranch Heritage Center is a former cattle ranch in Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii named for Anna Leialoha Lindsey Perry-Fiske .</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The ranch began in the early 19th century when an Englishman James Fay (c. 1778–1858) married a native Hawaiian woman Kaipukaikapuokamehameha Kahahana about 1828. Their daughter Mary Kaala Fay (1830–1886) had 12 children. Her second marriage was to George Kynaston Lindsey (1832–1872), who bought the land in 1858. Their oldest son Thomas Weston Lindsey (1855–1912), married Beke Fredenberg and had eight children. Thomas&#39; oldest son William Miller Seymour Lindsey (1875–1939) married Mary Leialoha Rose. Their only daughter was Anna Leialoha.</p><br>
<p>Anna Lindsey first moved to Hilo, Hawaii, but divorced her first husband Henry Lai Hipp in 1939 and moved back to the ranch to manage it. The business was heavily in debt, so she performed most of the work herself. In 1943 Anna Lindsey married James Lyman Perry-Fiske. Atypically for the time, she managed the ranch until her death in 1995. In 1968 Anna was named “Career Woman of the Year” by the Hawai’i Federation of Business and Professional Women. In 1983 she was credited as the biggest individual contributor to the Hawaii American Heart Association chapter.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 she became a member of the Paniolo Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Major buildings include a ranch house, slaughter house, barn and garage constructed between 1910 and 1930. The preserved ranch house and outbuildings have become a historic house museum. After being restored to 1939 condition, the house was opened for tours in September 2007.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as site 06001120 on the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii April 28, 2008. It is located on Hawaii Belt Road (state Route 19, also called Kawaihae Road at this point) at coordinates 20&deg;1&prime;36&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;41&prime;11&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Indian Castle Church is a historic mission church at Indian Castle in Herkimer County, New York. The church is located on NYS Route 5S near present-day Danube. It is a one-story, rectangular wood-frame structure, clad in clapboard with a gable roof and steeple. To the rear of the church is a burial ground containing the remains of both Mohawks and Europeans.</p><br>
<p>It was erected in 1769 by Sir William Johnson, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, as an Indian mission church for the Mohawk nation. They were the easternmost of the Five Nations of the Iroquois League, who occupied most of New York west of the Hudson River.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The land was donated by siblings Joseph and Molly Brant, two prominent Mohawk in their village of Canajoharie, located on the south side of the Mohawk River. Construction was done under the direction and at the expense of Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Molly Brant was a longtime companion and common-law wife of Johnson. Her brother Joseph Brant became a prominent Mohawk military leader, allied with the British, during the American Revolutionary War and later led the Mohawk after their migration to Canada.</p><br>
<p>The church is located within what is now designated as the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District, a National Historic Landmark. It is the only colonial Indian missionary church surviving in New York State. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Pence Automobile Company Building is a building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designed in the Classical Revival style by the Minneapolis architectural practice of Long and Long and built in 1909. The building housed sales showrooms and offices, automobile repair and service, and storage for parts, accessories, and finished vehicles. It was listed on the National Register as a commemoration of the extraordinary growth of the auto industry during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building resembles the work of Louis Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie and other skyscraper pioneers. It has a common arrangement of a base, shaft, and column, with a rather plain shaft but a good assortment of detail around the base. The applied ornamentation around the base has classical sculptural details, but also has terra cotta ornamentation more in line with Louis Sullivan&#39;s work.</p><br>
<h2>Harry E. Pence</h2><br>
<p>The owner of the company, Harry E. Pence (1868–1933), was born in Springboro, Ohio. He moved to Minneapolis at age 18 to join his uncle, John Wesley Pence, who had various business interests in the area. In June 1902, Harry Pence attended an auto race between Minneapolis and Lake Minneapolis (sic) and decided to go into business selling automobiles. He decided on selling the Cadillac based on his perceptions of its good service and reliability. His dealership was the second auto dealership in Minneapolis, and in 1903 he sold 83 cars. Pence eventually decided that automobiles should have larger engines than one cylinder, but Cadillac turned his idea down. Buick agreed to make a larger engine, so Pence switched to selling Buicks. Pence&#39;s dealership grew to sell, at one time, 29 percent of all Buicks that were being manufactured.</p><br>
<p>in 1918 Harry Pence Won the Minneapolis St. Paul Rochester & Dubuque Electric Traction Company better known as The Dan Patch Electric Lines after the death of its previous owner Marion Willis Savage he soon reorganized it into the Minneapolis, Northfield & Southern Railway.</p><br>
<p>The Minneapolis Fire Department Repair Shop is a building in Minneapolis, Minnesota listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The repair shop was established by the city of Minneapolis to reorganize and consolidate the services of the fire department. The shop was also used to convert horse-drawn fire equipment to motorized vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Between 1929 and 1932, the shop built eight large pumpers because the existing Pierce Arrow touring car chassis, the usual platform for fire equipment at the time, had insufficient capacity. Representatives of the Minneapolis Fire Department visited the Milwaukee Fire Department to learn how they were building their own new pumpers. The Minneapolis shop then started building its new pumpers using components from the Four Wheel Drive company. Four Wheel Drive built the engines, drivetrains, suspension components, and other components, while the Minneapolis Fire Department shops provided the frames, bodywork, pumping equipment, and all other firefighting equipment. The Minneapolis Fire Department also completed the assembly of these vehicles. Although the pumpers had an ungainly appearance and were hard to steer, some of these pumpers remained in active service until 1955.</p><br>
<p>As of 2014, the property has been renovated into commercial space containing a restaurant/bar and offices.</p><br>
<p>The Shelton McMurphey Johnson House, or Castle on the Hill, in Eugene, Oregon, United States, is a Victorian-era residence that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is named for the three families who called it home over the years. The house is now open for public tours and pre-arranged private events.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The house is located at 303 Willamette Street in Eugene, at the south side of Skinner Butte, overlooking the train depot and the city&#39;s downtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queen Anne-styled house, built in 1888 for T. W. Shelton, was designed by Salem, Oregon architect Walter D. Pugh. It has undergone several modifications, including an enlargement in the 1910s for Robert McMurphey, and a remodel by Curtis and Eva Johnson in 1951 which restored its original turret. The house suffered two major fires, one during its initial construction, and a second one in 1950 during the Johnson remodel.</p><br>
<p>The house was deeded to Lane County by Eva Johnson in 1976. It is now owned by the City of Eugene and kept open to the public by Shelton McMurphey Johnson Associates, a nonprofit group.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture/Site</h2><br>
<p>The Queen Anne-styled house is a recognizable city structure due to its high decorative carved wood, large circular tower, and green exterior paint and trim. The house is two stories tall with a basement and an attic with an estimated 54 x 37 dimension rectangular plan on 1.25 acres of land. The original property site included the house, a barn, and a carriage house, and a garage was added later on. Today, only the house exists. New additions include a chicken coop, a greenhouse, and a dog kennel. Many of the original trees and undergrowth still exist on the property today. The total cost of the original project in 1888 was $8,000.</p><br>
<p>The site of the house in on Skinner Butte. Skinner Butte hold historic significance to the founding of Eugene, Oregon by the settler Eugene Skinner. This 100-acre area of land that emcompasses the butte provides many recreational activities such as hiking, rock climbing, and the Shelton McMurphy Johnson house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Combine Car Number 665, also known as the "Jim Crow Car", is a historic railcar on the National Register of Historic Places, currently at the Kentucky Railway Museum at New Haven, Kentucky, in southernmost Nelson County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The Combine car was built at the American Car and Foundry Company located in Jeffersonville, Indiana in 1913; a custom design given to it by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. It was number 865, later numbered 665. It served at least three different branches of the L&N: Maysville Branch, Glasgow Branch, and Springfield Branch.</p><br>
<p>Its nickname, the "Jim Crow Car", relates to the Jim Crow laws of pre-1965 United States, which allowed for separate facilities for blacks under the policy of separate but equal. A law passed on May 24, 1892, called the Separate Coach Law, specifically declared that railroad passenger cars must be segregated. It is the only preserved two wood side steel car; one of only two ever made. The car is 77.5 ft by 9.66 ft and weighs 104,300 lb. It has a central baggage section separating two passenger sections. Each passenger section has a cast-iron stove and a bathroom. Waste from the bathrooms was deposited directly on the rails.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the L&N was forced by law to have a separate coach for blacks; often white drunks would be placed in the black car instead of one of those for whites.</p><br>
<p>In 1958 the car was given to the Kentucky Railway Museum by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.</p><br>
<p>When The General of Great Locomotive Chase fame was undergoing restoration in 1962 by the L&N, the Combine Car was hooked up to The General to test how well the engine was repaired. During the trips the Combine Car held several different artifacts related to the Chase for its passengers to admire.</p><br>
<p>The Frankfort and Cincinnati Model 55 Rail Car  is a historic railcar on the National Register of Historic Places. The railcar currently resides at the Kentucky Railway Museum in New Haven, Nelson County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1927 by the Brill Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is a steel rail car, heavy four-cylinder gasoline mechanical drive train engine, that could hold 43 passengers and baggage, with measurements of 43.42 ft long by 8.33 ft wide. Weighing only 29,000 lb, it was cheap to use, costing only 16 cents a mile. Due to always being painted red, it was called "The Cardinal", in tribute to the state bird.</p><br>
<p>The Cardinal ran the "Whiskey Route" of the Frankfort and Cincinnati Railroad traveling from Frankfort, Kentucky to Paris, Kentucky, with a major stop in Georgetown, Kentucky plus nine other rural towns and hamlets; a distance of 40 mi. On December 31, 1952, when the F&C stopped passenger service, The Cardinal was retired; passenger trains could not compete with automobiles. The Cardinal broke an axle on Christmas Eve eight days before, and for the last week of passenger service the F&C Superintendent A.E. Parker used his own sedan to transport what few passengers the F&C still had from Frankfort to Paris.</p><br>
<p>The Kentucky Railway Museum gained possession of The Cardinal in 1960. In 1997 it was one of a maximum of six known gas-powered motor rail cars left in the United States, and the only one in the Southeastern United States.</p><br>
<p>The Frankfort and Cincinnati Model 55 Rail Car is one of four train vehicles at the Kentucky Railway Museum on the National Register. The others are the Louisville and Nashville Steam Locomotive No. 152, the Louisville and Nashville Combine Car Number 665, and the Mt. Broderick Pullman Car.</p><br>
<p>The F&C had two Brill Railcars: M55-1 and #2. It was #2 that broke the axle while crossing the Southern Ry at Georgetown, Ky.</p><br>
<p>DeJarnette&#39;s Tavern, also sometimes called DeJarnette House, Daniel DeJarnette Tavern, or Staunton River Hunt Club, is a nationally registered historic place near Nathalie, Halifax County, Virginia. This wooden structure with stone foundations and chimneys was built in the late eighteenth century, perhaps about 1780, and consists of one and one-half stories, with a supra-attic and cellar. Most of the first floor was occupied by a large tavern room.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tavern served as a stagecoach station, and perhaps as a mustering location for Revolutionary War soldiers. It is named after Daniel DeJarnette, who was the son of Revolutionary War captain, James Pemberton DeJarnette.</p><br>
<p>According to a 1980 newspaper story:</p><br>
<p>The DeJarnette tavern is believed to have attracted a sports minded clientele – those interested in horse racing, card playing, cock fighting and the like. One rumor about the house that has been passed down through the generations is that a Yankee peddler was killed and buried there. One version of the legend has the peddler buried under the house, and another has him lying under the large rocks which go out from the front porch toward the highway.</p><br>
<p>Buildings at 10, 12, 14, and 16 East Chase Street is a historic set of rowhouses located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Number 10 is a -story brick townhouse with a 3-bay front façade, fitted with marble facing from ground to first floor level. It is believed to have been designed by Bruce Price and / or E. Francis Baldwin, architects of neighboring Christ Church. Numbers 12, 14, and 16, by contrast, are identical -story, two-bay houses constructed of green serpentine marble with contrasting stone detail. The group dates from between 1870 and 1875. They represent a fine example of the Gothic Revival style as interpreted for domestic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Buildings at 10, 12, 14, and 16 East Chase Street were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The David Bachrach House, also known as Gertrude Stein House, is a historic home located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a late 19th-century Victorian style frame structure consisting of two stories plus a mansard roof in height. It was constructed about 1886 and occupied by David Bachrach , a commercial photographer who figures prominently in the annals of American photographic history. Also on the property is a one-story brick building on a high foundation that was built for Ephraim Keyser  as a sculpture studio about 1890 and a one-story brick stable. Ephraim Keyser and Fannie  Bachrach were brother and sister. Gertrude Stein  was a niece of Mrs. David Bachrach and lived in this house for a short time in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The David Bachrach House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Stewart&#39;s Department Store, also known as the Posner Building, is a historic department store building located on Howard Street at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Catholic Relief Services is currently headquartered there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Stewart&#39;s Department Store structure was designed in 1899 by Charles E. Cassell and is a six-story brick and terra cotta steel-framed building detailed in a highly ornate Italian Renaissance Revival style. It features an exuberant ornamental detail includes fluted Ionic and Corinthian columns, lion heads, caryatids, wreaths, garlands, cartouches, and an elaborate bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>The Stewart&#39;s Department Store Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The downtown flagship store was closed in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stewarts began in 1901 when Louis Stewart acquired the building of Posners Department Store on the northeast corner of Howard and Lexington Streets. The chain was a founding member of Associated Dry Goods or ADG. While many of Baltimores downtown department stores during the 19th and early 20th centuries were founded by German-Jewish immigrants, Stewarts was a non-Jewish owned department store, although the original founders Samuel and Elias Posner were Jewish.</p><br>
<p>Stewart&#39;s opened its first suburban store in 1953. The 110,000 ft&sup2; store on York Road was located near the city/county line. Built on two levels and surrounded by parking, the store was designed to “blend into the suburban area around it.” The design included broad expanses of glass from floor to ceiling, “screened by Fiberglas curtains containing 600 square yards of materials.” Elaborate murals of Homewood House, the Washington Monument and the Federal Hill skyline decorated walls in the store, and a restaurant with a Chesapeake Bay theme became a destination for northern shoppers.</p><br>
<p>Four other stores followed in the 1960s and 1970s. They included Reisterstown Road Plaza in 1962, Timonium Mall in 1969, Westview Shopping Center (an addition to a 1958 Mall) in 1969, and the store&#39;s final branch at Golden Ring Mall in Rosedale, Maryland, in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Suburban stores were converted to ADG&#39;s Caldor discount chain in 1983.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church and Manse is a historic Presbyterian church located at West Madison Street and Park Avenue in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The church is a rectangular brick building with a central tower flanked by protruding octagonal turrets at each corner. At the north end of the church is a two-story building appearing to be a transept and sharing a common roof with the church, but is separated from the auditorium by a bearing wall. The manse is a three-story stone-faced building. The church was begun about 1854 by Norris G. Starkweather and finished by his assistant Edmund G. Lind around 1873. It is a notable example of Gothic Revival architecture and a landmark in the City of Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>The steeple is the tallest in Baltimore at 273 ft and was completed by 1875, supported by clusters of cast iron columns. A subsidiary spire to the right is 125 ft high, and the smaller, on the southwest corner, is 78 feet high. Wendel Bollman fabricated much of the ironwork at his Patapsco Bridge and Ironworks. The manse, or rectory, is located to the left, or west of the entrance. The stonework is a red freestone or sandstone from New Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church and Manse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is now known as the First and Franklin Presbyterian Church, after merging in 1973 with the former Franklin Street Presbyterian Church several blocks to the south at the northwest corner of West Franklin and Cathedral Streets, across from the central Enoch Pratt Free Library, which was used by the merged congregation for a time and then sold to a fundamentalist Protestant congregation.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church is the oldest Presbyterian congregation in Baltimore, founded in 1761, then located after 1763 at East Fayette and North Streets (later Guilford Avenue) on the northwest corner in downtown. The latter was the site for its three succeeding buildings until 1859, when the site was purchased by the Federal Government and a USA Courthouse was constructed there. It was instrumental in the establishment of the local Presbytery of Baltimore and many "daughter congregations" such as Second Presbyterian Church and others. It is included in the Baltimore National Heritage Area.</p><br>
<p>The New Sherwood Hotel is a historic property on the National Register of Historic Places in New Haven, Kentucky, in southernmost Nelson County, Kentucky. It is next door to the Kentucky Railway Museum on USA 31E.</p><br>
<p>The brick, two-story New Sherwood Hotel is one of the few buildings left in New Haven that has any historical integrity; only nine buildings built 1880-1940 remained in New Haven by 1978. It is made of "solid-masonry-brickwall" on top of a limestone foundation. A two-tiered porch was intended for the hotel but never built, but the front facade has a series of iron cleats intended for use with the porches. A private residence for the hotels owners is in the rear of the ground floor; the kitchen was for use to feed guests and the owners. The hotel rooms featured odd geometric angles and natural sunlight for all rooms. In the bar room there is a "massive" oak and mahogany back-bar and counter that was originally used in Louisvilles old Greenstreet Saloon; it was placed in New Haven after the nearby town of Boston, Kentucky voted to be a "dry" town.</p><br>
<p>The New Sherwood Hotel replaced the previous Johnson Hotel/Sherwood Hotel, which burned down in 1913; it was placed on the same property, next to where the major road crossed the train track. The fact that the hotel was of masonry and concrete was to ward against future fires. It was also designed in a manner more fitting for larger cities like Louisville and Lexington, Kentucky; not small towns like New Haven. The heyday of the hotel was from when it was built in 1914 to the year 1932, at the height of the Great Depression. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad, which controlled the track by the New Sherwood Hotel, stopped service to the station in 1954. The owners in 1992 were descendants of the original owner; six Johnsons bought control of the hotel from the other co-owner Johnsons. It was restored for the benefit of visitors to the next door Kentucky Railway Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register on March 26, 1992.</p><br>
<p>File:New Sherwood Hotel Back.JPGBack of hotel</p><br>
<p>File:KY Railway Museum Sherwood back.JPGView of back lot hotel from the Kentucky Railway Museum</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street Presbyterian Church and Parsonage is a historic Presbyterian church located at 100 West Franklin Street at Cathedral Street, northwest corner in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The church is a rectangular Tudor Gothic building dedicated in 1847, with an addition in 1865. The front features two 60 foot flanking octagonal towers are also crenelated and have louvered belfry openings and stained glass Gothic-arched windows. The manse / parsonage at the north end has similar matching walls of brick, heavy Tudor-Gothic window hoods, and battlements atop the roof and was built in 1857.</p><br>
<p>This church was incorporated in 1844 by a group of men from the First Presbyterian Church then located at the northwest corner of East Fayette Street and North Street (now Guilford Avenue) in downtown (later relocated in 1854 to West Madison Street and Park Avenue in Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood after selling their previous third church building of 1790-95 to the Federal Government which built a USA Courthouse there dedicated in 1860 by 16th President James Buchanan). They felt the need for a new church in that fast-growing northern section of the city formerly "Howards Woods" of Col. John Eager Howards (Revolutionary War commander of the famed "Maryland Line" regiment of the Continental Army) country estate "Belvidere" (mansion located at intersection of North Calvert and East Chase Streets, razed 1875) where the Washington Monument was erected with its four surrounding park squares just two blocks from their new building.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street Church was also located on "Cathedral Hill" in the southern part of the community bordering downtown Baltimore to the south and across the street from the old Baltimore Cathedral (Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, erected 1806-1821 and designed by Benjamin Latrobe - first Catholic cathedral constructed in America. Later in 1882–1886, philanthropist Enoch Pratt founded his central library for the new Enoch Pratt Free Library then facing West Mulberry Street at Cathedral, a block further south which was replaced in 1931-33 by a new central library building facing Cathedral Street and encompassing the entire block and now directly across Franklin Street from the F.S.P.C.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the two historic downtown area congregations reunited to form The First and Franklin Street Presbyterian Church and was centered at the First Church site on West Madison and Park. The Franklin Street building was used by the merged congregation for a time and then sold to a fundamentalist independent Protestant congregation and later re-sold to the present "New Unity Church Ministries".</p><br>
<p>Across Cathedral Street to the northeast was the 1820s era Greek Revival style home with large front columns, designed by Robert Mills (who also did the iconic landmark Washington Monument two blocks away) which later was occupied by the original Maryland Club, an exclusive Southern-leaning dining and leisure society of gentlemen, founded 1857 that was once threatened by Massachusetts State Militia commander, Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, USA when he occupied Baltimore on May 13, 1861, a month after the infamous "Pratt Street Riots", when mobs of Southern sympathizing Baltimoreans attacked passing state militia from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania at the beginning of the Civil War on Thursday/Friday, April 18-19th. General Butlers troops fortified Federal Hill with a battery redoubt named Fort Federal Hill and with numerous cannons overlooking the harbor basin (later renamed "Inner Harbor" in the 1960s) and surrounding city, "to put a shot into it" if he spied a reputed rebel flag flying or any discontent to the Union Army declared martial law. The Club later moved a few city blocks further north to North Charles and East Eager Streets in 1892 and the Cathedral and Franklin mansion was later replaced in 1907-08 by the former Central Building of the Young Mens Christian Association of Central Maryland (YMCA) which was closed in 1984 and the building renovated as the Mount Vernon Hotel and Café, and again subsequently as the Hotel Indigo in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The church is no longer used by a Presbyterian congregation and is currently occupied since the 1970s by the New Unity Church Ministries / New Unity Baptist Church, with Pastor Johnny N. Golden, sr. John Gresham Machen, the founder of Westminster Seminary of the Presbyterians, attended the church as a child.</p><br>
<p>The church and manse / parsonage in the rear (at 502 Cathedral Street, at southwest corner with West Hamilton Street ) were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1971.</p><br>
<p>Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, now known as Douglas Memorial Community Church, is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a brick, Greek Revival, temple-fronted structure featuring four fluted Corinthian columns and built 1857–1858. The rear addition is a two-story Colonial Revival style wing dating from about 1900.</p><br>
<p>Madison Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Pastors at Douglas Memorial Community Church include Marion C. Bascom and Raphael Warnock.</p><br>
<p>Otterbein Church, now known as Old Otterbein United Methodist Church, is a historic United Brethren church located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The first "German Reformed" church was built to serve the German Reformed and some Evangelical Lutheran immigrants, and later entered the Brethren strain of German Reformed Protestantism in the later Church of the United Brethren in Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story brick Georgian structure with a peaked roof, built 1785–1786. It features a square bell tower and an octagonal white "cupola-on-cupola", with much of the original wavy, hand-blown glass window panes still remaining. It had a major remodeling occurring in 1839, and some additional cleaning and restoration of its exterior brick walls and wall-fence surrounding the parish. The tower&#39;s bells date to 1789, and are still in use. That same year, the first Conference of United Brethren preachers was held and resulted in the official organization of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, with Pastor Philip William Otterbein, (1726–1813) as a bishop (five years after he participated in the "laying on" of hands on famous evangelist and missionary Francis Asbury, (1745–1816), ordained as the first bishop of the new Methodist Episcopal Church. He was later buried in the adjacent churchyard, surrounding the building.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Old Otterbein Church is located just east of the landmark Camden Street Station and three blocks west of the Inner Harbor. For decades it was surrounded by many blocks in every direction by very densely packed neighborhoods of rowhouses, businesses and factories/manufacturies. Most of these former structures have been razed in the last two decades. Much of this area is now occupied by Oriole Park at Camden Yards baseball stadium (built in 1992), the Baltimore Convention Center (built 1979, with a large 2002 addition), and several large glass-towered hotels of national chains, to the east, west, and north.</p><br>
<p>To the south lies a several block-sized remnant of the former configuration, featuring many examples of the classic "working-man&#39;s" small two-story brick rowhouse. However, some of which were torn down for a proposed cross-town routing of Interstate 95 before it was instead routed further south where it skirts the residential neighborhoods of old South Baltimore and nearby historic Federal Hill, to the Fort McHenry Tunnel and under the Baltimore Harbor/Patapsco River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, the spared rowhouses were offered up to prospective "urban homesteaders" for the famous "dollar a house" and were gradually renovated, updated and restored with additional homes and "row-house-like" apartments and condos constructed in between the older housing fabric, resulting in "Otterbein now being one of Baltimore&#39;s showcase neighborhoods visited now by thousands of tourists who stroll its now tree-shaded streets every week-end. Additional renovations and restorations have spread further southeast to the historically ancient black community of "Sharp-Leadenshall" (named for the two intersecting streets), which also had some new housing complexes built that have held their value in the decades since.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest of the old historic, now landmark church, jumping across the Camden Yards sports complex, the older community-shattering "urban renewal" style of the 1940s to 50s and 60s had spared also those neighborhoods, so "Pigtown"/Washington Village, Ridgelys Delight" with projects of individual house rows and new replica housing along West Barre Street and South Paca Street all the way to the "west-side" of downtown Baltimores old "Loft District" along West Pratt, Lombard and Redwood Streets between South Howard Street with most of the major clothing and hat manufacturing structures that dominated American menswear business of the late 19th and early 20th Century (spared by the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, are still there with their solid red-brick Romanesque architecture styles converted over into expensive apartments/condominiums. To the west end of these substantially changed areas is the new "inner beltway" around downtown of the landscaped parkway of Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard connecting into Russell Street extending into the Baltimore–Washington Parkway of Interstate 295 and running parallel to Interstate 395, which both exiting the downtown district of the city to the southwest alongside the other western end of the Camden Yards baseball and football stadiums, which crowd the surrounding streets near the church with sports fans several times a week in season.</p><br>
<p>The congregation played an important part in the early days and the organization of several American Protestant denominations at the end of the Eighteen century and the start of the Nineteenth. In the next century, the original Church of the United Brethren in Christ merged in 1946 with the former Evangelical Association, then called the Evangelical Church, to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church (E.U.B.). Meanwhile, on a parallel course, their former German and English Reformed Protestant brothers and sisters from the late 18th Century, which had formed the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1784, had evolved into several Methodist churches After cooperating with the handful of other American Methodist, splitting during the mid-19th Century, first over the role of the historic supervising office of bishops. Methodist EPISCOPAL versus Methodist PROTESTANT Churches – where the word Greek word "episkopos" is used for the supervising "bishop", and the "M.E." Church felt it was important for the Methodists to continue with whereas the opposing simpler "M.P."&#39;s counted on more local congregational authority. Later another split, which also occurred and ripped apart most other American churches of the time, was over the issue of slavery, with the withdrawal of the Southern congregations into the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The three however unified in a celebrated historic ceremony in 1939, forming The Methodist Church, which brought "the family" back together again.</p><br>
<p>Then 29 years later, the Methodists reached out across their house to their fellow old German and English Reformed who were so close to them in the Colonial period, who had now been merged into the "E.U.B." Church since 1946, to join them in 1968 with a wider fellowship now of the disciples of John, (1703–1791), and Charles Wesley, (1707–1788), Anglican priests who advanced the popular enthusiastic revival of the faith to the old Anglicans in what they perceived as the stuffy old Church of England with those that their fellow missionaries Asbury and Strawbridge cooperated and fellowshipped with two hundred years before. This was now the wider evangelical and Reformed Protestant heritage which came down to a new The United Methodist Church, which was now the second largest church body in America.</p><br>
<h2>Historic places</h2><br>
<p>Otterbein Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, which is maintained by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior. With the creation in the mid 2000s of the new BaltimoreCity National Heritage numerous large plaques with illustrations and text have been posted around the downtown area along with a simultaneous publication of a map and brochure plus internet website, with tour guides leading various themed tours from the "Inner Harbor" visitors center pavilion, with prominent places published about the Old Otterbein Church and its structure and religious heritage. The church proudly maintains a restored and historic 1897 Niemann pipe organ. It was the last organ built by perhaps the least known and best of American organbuilders, Henry Niemann. It is complete, original and unaltered, and in weekly use. The organ was played in recital during the Organ Historical Society Convention in July 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Nancy Lincoln Inn is a historic building located adjacent to the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in LaRue County, Kentucky, just south of Hodgenville, Kentucky. Despite being on National Park Service property, it is privately owned.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1928 and named for Lincoln&#39;s mother, the one-story unhewn chestnut and red heart pine log building is of American Craftsman style with five bays. It has a stone foundation, limestone chimney, and gabled roof. To the east are four small overnight cabins also built in 1928. They are also of unhewn chestnut logs, concrete chinking, brick chimneys, and asphalt shingles.</p><br>
<p>The Nancy Lincoln Inn and its cabins were built to serve the many visitors who wished to visit the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln. The increase in tourism during the 1920s was due to the ease of transportation that newly paved roads for automobiles provided. James Howell was the original operator of the inn, from 1928 to 1946; his descendants have operated it ever since. The inn rented out the cabins and served food until World War II; the cabins would once again be rented out after they were restored by their owners Carl and Sharon Howell Jr. in 2005, with air conditioning added. However, guests have to use an outside modern bathhouse due to a lack of indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the National Park Service in its evaluation called the inn an "unacceptable adjacent commercialization", and red cedar trees were planted to obstruct the view of the inn from the memorial log cabin temple.</p><br>
<p>Over 100,000 tourists went into the Nancy Lincoln Inn every year, mostly to buy souvenirs. It has undergone no major alterations in its years of service. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1991, due to its role in the expansion of tourism in LaRue County.</p><br>
<p>File:Lincoln Birthplace Inn.JPGVicinity of inn</p><br>
<p>File:Lincoln Birthplace Cabins.JPGCabins rented by the Inn</p><br>
<p>Orchard Street United Methodist Church, formerly known as Metropolitan Methodist Episcopal Church, is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a church built in a mixture of revival styles. It was constructed in 1837, with additions made in 1853, 1865, and 1882. The main church is Romanesque Revival, but the rear building is Romanesque with a large Gothic window in its northeastern facade. The nave is approximately 54 by and features clerestory windows. The rear building is approximately 50 by. The church was founded in 1825 by Truman Le Pratt, a West Indian former slave of Governor John Eager Howard. It now houses the offices of the Baltimore Urban League and is the oldest standing structure built by African-Americans in the city of Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>Orchard Street United Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The church houses an historic 1890 Niemann pipe organ.</p><br>
<p>Lena King Lee saved the church from demolition during her time in the Maryland House of Delegates.</p><br>
<p>Sharp Street Memorial United Methodist Church and Community House is a historic United Methodist church located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is an 1898 Gothic Revival stone structure of massive proportions. It features sharply pitched gables, a square parapeted 85-foot-high bell tower, lancet windows, and Gothic influenced interior decorative detailing. The Community House is a Georgian Revival influenced brick structure, four stories high and built in 1921. The congregation was organized in 1787 and was highly influential in the antebellum freedom movement, the establishment of the first black school in Baltimore after the abolition of slavery, and the movement to foster the institution of the African American Methodist church. It is known as the "Mother Church" of Black Methodism in Maryland. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, during their formative years, held their meetings at this historic church.</p><br>
<p>Sharp Street Memorial United Methodist Church and Community House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Abraham Lincoln Statue is a historic statue in the Hodgenville Commercial Historic District&#39;s public square in Hodgenville, Kentucky. Adolph Alexander Weinman sculpted the statue, as he also did the Lincoln statue at the capitol rotunda at Frankfort, Kentucky. The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park is nearby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The statue was erected as the result of the Lincoln Monument Commission under the direction of Otis M. Mather, chairman. The Kentucky General Assembly commissioned the Commission in 1904. It was built to commemorate the centennial of Abraham Lincolns birth, which occurred a few miles south of Hodgenville on February 12, 1809. It was the Commission that decided to place the statue in Hodgenvilles public square. Funding for the bronze statue was done by $10,000 from the United States Congress, $5,000 from the Kentucky General Assembly, and the rest from the residents of LaRue County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The official dedication was on May 31, 1909. Lincolns son Robert Todd Lincoln was at the ceremony, and Lincolns sister-in-law Mrs. Ben Hardin Helm did the unveiling. Henry Watterson was the principal speaker. The statue was officially accepted for the commonwealth of Kentucky by Kentucky governor Augustus E. Willson. Over 10,000 people witnessed the ceremony.</p><br>
<p>The 6 ft tall bronze statue features Lincoln sitting in an Empire style chair on a marble foundation. Stars are inlaid on a Greek fret band on the marble foundation. "Lincoln" is spelled out in bronze letters on the statue&#39;s eastern facade. A replica of the statue is at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.</p><br>
<p>Robert Todd Lincoln on June 2, 1909, wrote a letter thanking Otis Mather for constructing the statue in his father&#39;s honor.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Place United Methodist Church and Asbury House is a historic United Methodist church located at 2-10 Mount Vernon Place, Mount Vernon in Baltimore, Maryland. The church "is one of the most photographed buildings in the city, completed in 1872 near the Washington Monument on the site where Francis Scott Key died in 1843. Its sanctuary seats 900 and its rose window is modeled after the one in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris."</p><br>
<p>The church is a Norman-Gothic-style church that was completed in 1872. It was designed by Thomas Dixon, a Baltimore architect and is built of blocks of a unique metabasalt, a green-toned Maryland fieldstone, with brownstone ornamentation. It features three spires.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Place United Methodist Church and Asbury House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson designed the Asbury House, and it was built around 1850. In 1893 it became home of George von Lingen, the German consul in Baltimore. Von Lingen renovated its second floor library, which has a ceiling painting and intricate carvings done by German workers.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, Baltimore&#39;s Planning Commission approved a subdivision of the church vs. house properties.</p><br>
<p>This was sought by a developer with plans to sell the Asbury House, but with arguably vague plans for the church itself. The split was criticized, on grounds that the continuing preservation of the church proper would be threatened, with less asset value to ensure its maintenance. It was argued that the property should instead be donated to a local or national preservation-focused nonprofit which could handle the preservation requirements.</p><br>
<p>The subdivision was overturned, disallowed by Baltimore Circuit Judge Jeannie Hong, in a ruling that was the third reversal of a Planning Commission decision in 18 months.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Place United Methodist Church should not be confused with another church of the same name in Washington, DC, which served as the national representative congregation for the Methodist Episcopal Church, South from 1850 to 1939.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Protestant Episcopal Church, more commonly called Old St. Pauls Church today, is a historic Episcopal church located at 233 North Charles Street at the southeast corner with East Saratoga Street, in Baltimore, Maryland,  near "Cathedral Hill" on the northern edge of the downtown central business district to the south and the Mount Vernon-Belevedere cultural/historic neighborhood to the north. It was founded in 1692 as the parish church for the "Patapsco Parish", one of the "original 30 parishes" of the old Church of England in colonial Maryland .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>17th-18th centuries</h3><br>
<p>St. Pauls was founded in 1692 under the Establishment Act, by the General Assembly of Maryland under Lionel Copley, then the colonial/provincial Governor of Maryland, in the Province of Maryland under the Lord Proprietorship of the Lords Baltimore, which created 30 "Protestant" (Anglican) parishes in the colony of Maryland. The first church as "Patapsco Parish" was located somewhere along near the head of Colgate Creek, on the north shore of the Patapsco River and "Patapsco Neck" peninsula which juts into the Chesapeake Bay at North Point and Sparrows Point between the Patapsco River to the south and Back River (Maryland) to the north. Modern-day Highlandtown and Canton in southeastern Baltimore City and Dundalk, Edgemere, and Fort Howard are in suburban communities in southeastern Baltimore County there now. When Baltimore Town was founded in its present location in 1729/1730, the parish moved to "Lot 19," in the Original Survey" of 1730 at the highest point just inside the original town boundaries on the north end which were purchased from Charles Carroll of Annapolis, (1702-1782), (father of nationally famous Charles Carroll of Carrollton, (1732-1832), later longest living signer of the Declaration of Independence, only Roman Catholic to do so, and wealthiest man in America). Here a small brick church, (facing south towards the harbor), a rectory and some cemetery plots were placed in 1739 on a cliff overlooking the Jones Falls stream (which divided the town from adjacent Jonestown to the east and Fells Point to the southeast waterfront) and northwest of the original Courthouse Square (later became Battle Monument Square after its construction, 1815-1822) at North Calvert between East Lexington and Fayette Streets. The present "Old Saint Pauls Church (as it is generally known throughout the state) is located now on a portion of that property, in the northwest corner of the original platted lot of 1730.</p><br>
<p>A second brick church, also built facing south towards "The Basin" (Inner Harbor), was completed in 1784 and consecrated by Bishop Thomas John Claggett, first Episcopal Bishop of Maryland (consecrated/ordained 1792) in 1797 (also the year of Baltimore Town&#39;s incorporation into a City) and endured on the site until 1812 when replaced by the Long-designed edifice. The second church continued to use the former steeple of the first church building as a private prayer chapel where it was relocated in the middle of the surrounding cemetery to the north and west along the sloping hill along future East Saratoga Street and Saint Paul Lane/Street.</p><br>
<h3>19th century and later</h3><br>
<p>Gravestones, bodies and coffins, along with other cemetery material were relocated in 1800 to the western side of town at a new plot and cemetery at West Lombard and Fremont Streets, near the present Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, (which curves around the west-side of downtown) and southwest of the multi-blocks campus of the downtown University of Maryland at Baltimore. Construction of King Boulevard in the late 1970s required that a portion of the historic cemetery on its western side was taken for road and sidewalk use and the ancient plots and stone wall were moved slightly eastward and reconstructed. Numerous American Revolutionary War, War of 1812 officers and soldiers are buried here, along with an unusually large number of Baltimore and Maryland civic, business and commercial leaders from the region’s early history.</p><br>
<p>All Episcopal parishes in Baltimore City and many in Baltimore County (along with Harford, Cecil, Kent, and Carroll Counties, which were formerly part of old original Baltimore County in the 17th and early 18th Centuries) are in some way traced to Old St. Pauls Church. The first "daughter" congregation, Christ Church (closed 1986), was created in 1796 near the present day War Memorial/City Hall Plaza at the southwest corner of South Gay and East Fayette Streets. This building was later transferred to another Episcopal parish named Messiah which remained here until burned in the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904. Christ Episcopal congregation then moved to the northwest corner of St. Paul and East Chase Streets, where the building is now used by an evangelical Protestant congregation. Another congregation, St. Peters, was created in an evangelical controversy resulting in a split from Old St. Pauls in 1801 during the rectorate of Rev. Dr. Joseph Bend; that congregation is known today known as Grace and St. Peters Church, located at Park Avenue and West Monument Street, two blocks west of the Washington Monument, across the street from the former brownstone mansion which served as Diocesan House (bishops and administrative staff offices) in the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, further northwest. Grace and St. Peters Parish has now evolved into a high church "Anglo-Catholic" parish, with a very well-regarded co-educational private day school.</p><br>
<p>The third building in Baltimore City (and fourth of the parish in its history) erected for St. Paul&#39;s was designed by noted Baltimore architect Robert Cary Long Jr., (1810-1849), and constructed in 1812 (some sources say 1814-1817). This neo-classical structure faced towards the west on Charles Street, seated 1,600 people in the main level and galleries and was graced with a 126 foot high spire. The three orders of Greek columns adorned the building. It was destroyed by fire in 1854; the cross that fell from that tower now adorns the old Church Home Hospital on Broadway in Baltimore. The fourth church was completed two years later.</p><br>
<p>The 1856 building reflected the growing influence of the Oxford Movement in the Episcopal Church. Richard Upjohns design for the new building invoked not the democratic values of the Federal Period but the Catholicism of Italy, which he had recently toured. He also had just designed the famous Gothic Trinity Church on Wall Street in lower New York City Since the existing walls of St. Pauls did not allow for the pointed-gothic design preferred by the Ecclesiological Society, Upjohn patterned the building after the Basilica of San Giorgio in Rome. The side galleries so important to preaching were not rebuilt, and focus in the building was dramatically pointed to the altar with a spacious (for the time) chancel.</p><br>
<p>Thus the "high church" position that St. Pauls had occupied since the rectorate of Dr. Bend became more pronounced, especially under the rectorate of Dr. William Wyatt, who oversaw the construction of the new building and the creation of a number of Anglo-Catholic mission parishes around Baltimore City, most notably Mount Calvary Church. His successor, Revd. Milo Mahan, introduced candles on the altar and seasonal liturgical colors.</p><br>
<p>Two rectors of Old St. Paul&#39;s have gone on to become bishops of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland: The Right Rev. James Kemp (1764-1827) and the Right Rev. Harry Lee Doll, (1903-1984).</p><br>
<p>For many years St. Pauls held the distinction of having the finest liturgical music in the city. In 1873, the Rev. John Sebastian Bach Hodges replaced the churchs paid quartet with a professional Choir of Men and Boys, which sang continuously for 141 years. In 2002 a Choir of Girls was created during the rectorship of the Rev. David Cobb, as a complementary ensemble. A mixed adult choir (volunteers plus professionals), formed under the leadership of the Rev. Mark Stanley, now sings for the primary Sunday service. Noted former Organist/Choirmasters of Old St. Paul&#39;s include Rodney Hansen, Daniel Fortune, Jeremy Filsell, Diane Meredith Belcher, and Douglas Buchanan.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>The present church was designed by renowned architect Richard Upjohn, with an eclectic juxtaposition of 12th-century Italian elements on the exterior and Romanesque elements on the interior. The exterior facade features two bas-reliefs of Christ and Moses, executed by the Italian sculptor Antonio Capellano (who also sculpted the statue on the top of the Battle Monument) that were originally part of the façade of the previous Robert Cary Long church. Other elements from the 1817 structure include the walls of the Federal period building, a stained glass window of the risen Christ over the entrance, a marble baptismal font designed by Maximilian Godefroy (who also designed the Battle Monument and the First Unitarian Church), and the Bishops chair given to St. Pauls in 1815.</p><br>
<p>The church was given a relatively dark Victorian appearance when opened. The Greek columns were painted a sandstone orange, with an elaborate color scheme of brown, red, and yellow ochres dominating the rest of the nave. The chancel was dominated by a black walnut reredos. A small stained-glass window of St. Paul stood above the high altar. English Minton tiles adorned the aisles and chancel that complemented the color scheme of the church. An anonymous painting of this interior is still in the possession of the parish.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, the chancel was renovated to a brighter appearance, in accordance with the tastes of the period. The reredos was moved to the back of the church (where it still stands as a memorial wall), and a new Tiffany reredos was installed with a completely new design for the east wall, including a large chancel window by Helen Maitland Armstrong was installed above the altar, with the St. Paul window moved to the south aisle. The ochres of the 1850s gave way to white faux blocks etched into the nave.</p><br>
<p>The oldest of the aisle windows date to 1890, but most were installed at the same time as the chancel redecoration. The designers include Tiffany Studios of New York City and Clayton & Bell Studios.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the faux blocking was removed, leaving only tracery around the windows. The chancel was renovated for cleaning and maintenance in the 1990s. In the summer of 2013, the interior of the church underwent a historic restoration that included painting the nave and adding a blue field with gold stars to the ceiling.</p><br>
<h2>Noted members</h2><br>
<p>Prominent members of the parish include Samuel Chase, John Eager Howard, Thomas Johnson, and William Donald Schaefer (mayor of Baltimore and governor, comptroller of Maryland).</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Church Rectory, located a block west of Old St. Pauls Episcopal Church  is a historic Episcopal rectory located on steep "Cathedral Hill" at the northeast corner of Cathedral Street  and West Saratoga Streets in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, United States. In the rear of the old rectory is a small alley-like extension of West Pleasant Street and to the east behind the North Charles Street former residences and now commercial structures, is another small alley extension of Little  Sharp Street.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the Historic Rectory underwent a major renovation, overseen by The Rev. Mary Luck Stanley, Associate Rector, to restore it for the ministry purposes of the parishioners of Old St. Paul&#39;s Church. After thirty years of being leased away to an outside group, the Historic Rectory has been reclaimed by the church and will now be serving as an "Urban Retreat House" on the first floor, and as the "Parish Offices" on the second floor. Lauren Myatt and Peter Schwab, from Murphy & Dittenhafer Architects, provided the designs for the 2019 renovation. A. R. Marani Inc. General Contractors managed the nine month construction. On May 18, 2019, clergy, church leaders, architects, and contractors gathered at the Historic Rectory for a "House Blessing" to mark the beginning of a new season for this building that was once a home for the clergy of St. Paul’s, and is now a gathering place for the church’s members. Clergy and Vestry Members from 2013 to 2019 voted to be good stewards of this historic property by providing the resources to restore the grandeur of this 1791 home, thus contributing to the beautification of downtown Baltimore.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located on ground donated by Col. John Eager Howard (1752–1827), commander of the famed "Maryland Line" regiment of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and who was noted at the Battles of Brooklyn (Long Island) in New York, Monmouth in New Jersey, Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, and the Cowpens in South Carolina. He was also former Governor of Maryland and U. S. Senator along with being an influential Baltimorean. He owned the large estate of "Belvidere" north of the town which was also known as "Howards Woods", with his Georgian/Federal style mansion located at the modern intersection of East Chase and North Calvert Streets (which was razed around 1875, when Calvert Street was extended further north to the old city limits at Boundary Avenue (now North Avenue). Many land donations of his went to churches, schools and other public institutions such as the Lexington Market as the town grew north and west. Most notably the land on which the Citys most important landmark, the Washington Monument now sits (built 1815–1827), with its four surrounding park-like squares (East and West Mount Vernon Place along with North and South Washington Place – laid out early 1830s) which has added so much character to the neighborhood and made Baltimore famous, came from his generousity. Plus after his death, his sons and family descendants further developed the extensive estate and land holdings, constructed or bought many townhouses and mansions on the newly platted grid of streets in the coming Victorian era. The Howards grew richer and more prosperous on the development rights in what became known as the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood and what became known as the "Western Precincts" of the rapidly expanding city, then the fourth largest in America.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Surrounded by a tall stone retaining wall around the remnants of the hill-top estate in the northwest of the town which dominated the new small settlement first laid out in 1729–1730, as there were no houses originally between it and Long Street, (later Market Street, now West Baltimore Street). It is a three-story Late Georgian / Federal style brick building constructed between 1789 and 1791. The front facade features a bull&#39;s-eye window in the peak of a dentiled pediment. A two-story extension was added to the west end of the Rectory in the mid-1830s. Later known as the "Parsonage on the Hill", it is one of the oldest existing houses in the city with a verifiable date of construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original first church building had begun construction on Lot #19 of the "Original Survey of 1730" at Forest (now North Charles) Street and newly named Saratoga Street (after the turning-point victory of the Colonials during the American Revolution at the Battle of Saratoga in upper New York State in 1777). The lot extended as far south as New Church Street (modern East Lexington Street) and further east to what was then called St. Pauls Lane (now St. Paul Street and Place/adjoining "Preston Gardens") soon after the town was established in 1729. The parish church was moved then from near Colgate Creek (later the site in the 1920s of the Harbor Field, municipal airport, later the Dundalk Marine Terminal of the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore) southeast of the present City from on the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula of southeastern surrounding Baltimore County and was completed nine years later (1739) as the first brick building in new Baltimore Town. The new parish structure was situated at the north end of the town surrounded by a cemetery, perched on the cliffs facing what was called Saint Pauls Lane overlooking the southwestward loop of the Jones Falls flowing towards "The Basin" (now the Inner Harbor), which veered towards the new courthouse later built in 1767 (when the growing town became the county seat of Baltimore County) on the Courthouse Square to the southeast (now the location of the current landmark, the Battle Monument of 1815–1822) in the present vicinity of North Calvert Street between modern East Fayette and East Lexington Streets.</p><br>
<p>After only seven years since the completion of the four-year construction project of the parishs second brick building in front of the older one of 1739 and which had been dedicated by the rector, Dr. William West on Whitsuntide/Pentecost, Sunday, May 30, 1784, surrounded by the cemetery on the slopes above the Falls. The former 1739 structures wooden bell steeple was erected in the center of the churchyard/cemetery after it was torn down in November 1786. An illustration drawing/painting of the scene in the late 18th Century, is exhibited on the Baltimore City National Heritage Area historical exhibit/tourism pylon (historical marker; also silver aluminium plaque from city Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation from early 1980s affixed to church brick wall) across the street from the present church (southwest corner of Charles and Saratoga Streets) at Charles Plaza, northernmost extent of the Charles Center downtown redevelopment project of the late 1950s to 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Situated a block to the west, the House was originally built for the Rev. Dr. William West, rector of the church since June 7, 1779, and a friend and former neighbor of George Washington, at Mount Vernon, Virginia, but was completed after his death, March 30, 1791, and he never occupied it. After a lottery was held beginning in April 1788, "for the purpose of building a parsonage for the minister of the Protestant Episcopal congregation in Baltimore Town", 3,000 tickets were sold at $2.00 each, with prizes of $4,000 total, leaving $2,000 for the construction of the house. The managers of the lottery were: John Moale, John Merryman, Andrew T. Ennals, John Eager Howard, John Weatherburn, John Hammond, George Grundy, Dr. Darling, James Calhoun (first mayor of Baltimore Town since 1794, then City after 1797 to 1804), Englehard Yeider, George P. Keeports, William Gibson, William McCreery, Thomas Hollingsworth, and Andrew Buchanan - all prominent citizens in the early years of the burgeoning town.</p><br>
<p>Previous to the construction of the Saratoga Street mansion, Dr. West resided in a parsonage located one block south of the church at the northwest corner of Forest (later Charles) and New Church Street (later renamed West Lexington Street after the Revolution; future site of the early "skyscraper" of gray granite, Fidelity and Deposit Trust Company building of 1894, founded 1890 by future Maryland Gov., Edwin Warfield). Rev. Dr. West&#39;s home was one-story frame house with a "hip-roof" painted red and had a yard in front ornamented with trees and shrubbery, on the hilly edge of the settlement.</p><br>
<p>Used as a family residence by all of the rectors of Old St. Pauls since the summer of 1791 starting with Wests successor minister, the Rev. Dr. Joseph J. G. Bend (who died November 1812) until the last occupant, The Rev. Fr. William McKeachie of England and his family in the early 1990s, when after some minor renovations and additional commercial re-wiring, it was rented to Preservation Maryland, Inc. for them to use as their offices.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest of the Rectory, at 309 Cathedral Street which is on the southeast corner with West Pleasant Street alley is "Saint Pauls House" which was built in the 1880s following the connection of Cathedral Street to the north with Liberty/Hopkins Place/South Sharp Streets to the south. This was enabled by the razing in 1883 to the Rectorys west of the Greek Revival 1820s-era townhouse/mansion of A.S. Abell, (Arunah Shepherdson Abell, 1806–1888), founder and beginning of the Abell-Black families dynasty which owned and published ""The Sun"" of Baltimore since 1837, one of the city&#39;s largest newspapers and influential from its early years in the nation.</p><br>
<p>To the east on Saratoga was the 1830s-era city townhouse of red brick and limestone/marble trim in the Greek Revival style of local merchant and financier Johns Hopkins (1795-1873), who died in the house by Little Sharp Street. It complemented his country estate in the northeast city of "Clifton" (which is still standing and located in middle of today&#39;s Clifton Park) in northeast Baltimore which was to be the original site of The Johns Hopkins University that he provided for in his will of 1867, before his death in 1873 on Saratoga Street. But it instead was temporarily located by his appointed trustees board along with their newly recruited first president, Daniel Coit Gilman, along North Howard and West Centre Streets for fifty years. After the Hopkins mansion was razed, it was replaced by a two-level, crumbling concrete parking garage in the 1950s, which is still an eyesore to the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Hopkins residence also was adjoining the previous site in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries of "the Roman Catholic Congregation of Baltimore Town", founded 1770 and incorporated 1795 as St. Peters Church and the first organized group of Catholics in the city. After the 1789 appointment of Father John Carroll as the first Roman Catholic bishop in America, and his subsequent return home after his ordination in England, he was installed in August 1790 in the now "St. Peters Pro-Cathedral" as "the ordinary" (bishop) of what became known as "The Premier See", the Diocese of Baltimore. Later that year, St. Peters Pro-Cathedral saw the meeting of the first synod of priests of the new national American diocese (along with a western diocese in Bardstown, Kentucky; now the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville) and opening ceremonies for the newly established St. Marys Seminary located further to the northwest on the Hookstown Road (later Pennsylvania Avenue) and its movement to and later establishment on North Paca Street of its adjoining secular St. Marys College. After the construction of Benjamin Henry Latrobes "Old Baltimore Cathedral" (later the Basilica of the Assumption of Mary), constructed one block further north at Cathedral Street, between West Mulberry and Franklin Streets during 1806–1821; old, but important and historic St. Peters Pro-Cathedral was razed in 1841 along with its adjoining red-brick rectory, school and cemetery along West Saratoga and North Charles Streets on the northwest corner, on the opposite corner of the third parish structure (1814/17-1854) of the four buildings of Old St. Pauls Parish. It was at old St. Peter&#39;s Church and Pro-Cathedral, that notable events during 1790 to 1821 occurred in the history of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore and the Church in America, such as the first ordination of a bishop, the convening of a synod of priests, and the offices and ministry of the first American bishop.</p><br>
<p>"St. Paul&#39;s House" on adjacent Cathedral Street, was used for parish offices of the congregation and as a parish/social hall and after some commercial renovations in the mid-1990s, was additionally rented and sub-let to several religious and charitable organizations.</p><br>
<p>In the rear of the Rectory, to the north across the Pleasant Street alley is the unassuming backs of the fancy townhouses fronting along West Mulberry Street. In a back parlor, (facing the rear porches and yard of the Churchs house) imbibing brandy and fine cigars, a group of three literate men in October 1833 perused several manuscripts and decided on one that showed great mysterious promise. After that evening at civic leader John H. B. Latrobes house (son of the famed architect Benjamin), joined by John Pendleton Kennedy and another, they agreed on "MS Found In A Bottle" to be published in the journal "Baltimore Sunday Visitor" launching the career of the mercurial Edgar Allan Poe.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1891–92, across Cathedral Street to the west from the historic Georgian/Federal House, the Odd Fellows order constructed a large five-story hall of red brick which was lovingly renovated preserving its historic features in the early 1980s and several offices were installed within. To its north, up the street sat the former boys high school in gray granite stone, run by the Christian Brothers as Calvert Hall College, founded 1845 and located here on the southwestern corner of Cathedral and West Mulberry Street from 1890 to 1960, when CHC moved north to suburban Baltimore County, near Towson, when it was replaced by the white starkly modern Archdiocesan Building offices for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore since 1963.</p><br>
<p>Across the street from the Rectory for over seventy years was the famous "Rennert Hotel" on the southeastern corner of Saratoga with Cethedral-Liberty Streets. A massive triangular pile of bricks with turrets and flourishes, the Rennert was constructed in the 1870s and became the premier "hang-out" spot for local machine politicians. It was the site of a famous joyous celebration and photograph surrounding famed Baltimore writer/reporter/editor/columnist/author/linguist H. L. Mencken, (1880-1956), as he took the first drink in Baltimore of legalized beer after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. The crusty old warren of a hostellery and brick pile with its Victorian decorative features was torn down in 1941, and despite many re-development attempts, nothing has ever re-surfaced from its site as a small triangular three-level parking garage, later also in turn razed in the 1980s for a parking lot for another seventy years. The Rectory however sits on the northern edge of the Charles Center project now overlooking most of the starkly modernistic skyscrapers of the 1960s and 70s and its three plazas, along with the former Baltimore Civic Center (now the 1st Mariner Arena). Before all the demolition began, West Lexington Street, one block south was the scene of Baltimore&#39;s tightly-compacted, earlier 20th Century entertainment district along West Lexington Street with over a dozen elaborate movie theatres and palaces stretched on the several blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Historic places</h2><br>
<p>St. Pauls Church Rectory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 1973, which is maintained by the USA Department of the Interiors National Park Service according to the Congressional "Historic Sites Act" of August 21, 1935.</p><br>
